![]() AQUARIUM REDOX BALANCE |
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Sections Include: | |
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(1) Basics (Overview/Abstract) (2) Relative Hydrogen (rH) (3) Background (4) Natural Redox (5) Balance (6) Redox as it pertains to Aquariums |
(7) Effect of Stress (8) Healthy Redox Methods (9) Redox Problems (10) Summary (11) Downloadable version of this article |
By Carl Strohmeyer-PAMR 40+ years experience (with input and proof reading by others, including experts in this field) Updated 3/30/22 ALL INFORMATION contained here in is copyrighted research and may only be used with permission, in particular to promote products for sale outside of AAP. PLEASE NOTE: This article is the well known established authority on the subject of Aquarium Redox and rH (as clearly proven via searches and the history of this subject). As well, while many will use the fact that the author of this article uses this information to promote products that aid in a healthy aquarium redox, some use this to make Ad Hominem arguments against this information based products promoted Even the average aquarist should consider this water parameter when all other parameters check out, yet fish continue to be susceptible to disease. Not only do my years of research and observations with 1000s of aquariums bears out this is an important subject to consider, but growing research in human disease resistance does as well (Redox is constantly discussed in medical research papers, and the higher Redox level previous thought of as healthy have been shown otherwise).
All research points to this website as the original and the use of ANY MATERIAL from this article, if even just the subject matter without citing the author here (Carl Strohmeyer) is a violation of the DMCA and will be reported and other legal actions taken if not cited properly.
Some reputable websites such as "Aquarium Article Digest" and "Aquarium Wiki" have properly cited this article.
HOWEVER, if one reads this article in full as well as the history of the author and his extremely in depth aquarium keeping experience, it is noteworthy that the research came first as to explain contradictory results he was getting in the 1000s of aquariums under his care!OVERVIEW; REDOX (REDOX POTENTIAL) BASICS (OXIDATION POTENTIAL, ORP)
Although not a well known process among many aquarists, with much misunderstanding of both sides of the equation by even some advanced aquarium keepers; the implications of Redox for a healthy aquarium are quite far reaching, especially now with peer reviewed research into the correlation of rH, and thus important for any aquarist considering moving from basic aquarium (or pond) keeping to advanced to understand.
However some in the aquarium keeping community still seem to be in the dark as per this growing documented research.
Redox, also known as Redox Potential, oxidation potential, & ORP (oxidation reduction potential) describes the ability for the loss of an electron by a molecule, atom or ion to the gain of an electron by another molecule, atom or ion.
Without this ability to gain electrons, many minerals cannot be absorbed and properly assimilated, especially in times of stress.
So it is very important to keep a healthy Redox Balance via both sides of the Redox equation;
(a) Normal oxidizers such as proper/optimum dissolved oxygen levels.
(b) To counter oxidative stress (often artificially induced in our aquariums); via proper positively charged mineral levels (such as Calcium and Magnesium) and even level 1 or higher UV Sterilization.
Often, we as aquarium keepers perform methods to counter oxidative stress without even knowing it, this includes GH boosters used in the "Estimative Index Of Dosing" for planted aquariums. In fact this is how I got started in this research starting in the 1980s, as my observations between my 1000s of client aquariums were showing different results with different aquarium keeping practices,and often these results took months if not years to observe the often subtle but sometimes substantial difference.
Basically we are attempting to provide enough oxidation to provide ample oxygen, allow for biological organic waste breakdown, and not allow too much bacteria in the water column. WHILE AT THE SAME TIME, not add oxidative stress to inhabitants in the aquarium and allow optimum osmoregulation too.
Many in the past have stated exact numbers are the "best" Redox reading for an aquarium (myself included in the past). My research has found this to be incorrect.
In some aquariums, a higher Redox of 350 mV may be a good Redox to obtain (for oxidation) when high organics and decomposition is lowering water quality.
HOWEVER for a new or established aquarium that is properly functioning this is not a number you should be necessarily "shooting" for correct Redox balance, as high Redox does not necessarily equate to a healthy aquarium.
A Better simple explanation of "Healthy Redox" is a "Balanced Redox" that recognizes the need for oxidizers to keep clean well oxygenated aquarium water (especially during treatment) while also recognizing that reduction is NECESSARY to balance out oxidizers such as nitric acid that long term affect fish health.
So please read on to better understand!.
It is also noteworthy that there is a correlation between Redox Potential and pH (Reference: University of Florida; Biochemistry of Wetlands)
The video below shows some of the correlation of pH and Redox:
Fish Health- Quick pH/Redox Demonstration
Redox also relates to water changes and the amount/frequency there of.
This article has information about using Potassium Permanganate in a very simple (& fun) test to determine the health of your aquarium before and after a water change:
Aquarium Cleaning; Reasons (See Redox Section)
We should note that we have both slow and fast Redox reducers and slow and fast Redox oxidizers.
Generally in a healthy aquarium regular use of "fast" oxidizers or reducers is not necessary (which the exception of occasional water conditioner use for chlorine reduction). Fast reducers or oxidizers also generally are relatively temporary, although chloramines are definitely a fast reducer that is not temporary.
Examples include:
*Oxidation describes the loss of an Electropositive or gain of an Electronegative by a molecule, atom or ion.
Another way to look at this is to lose, or cause to lose, hydrogen atoms.
EXAMPLE: Redox processes such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide.
Oxidation is the LACK of electrons by a molecule.
Oxidation is when the molecule can accept electrons from a reduced molecule, thus oxidizing.
*Reduction describes the gain of an Electropositive or loss of an Electronegative by a molecule, atom or ion.
Another way to look at this is remove oxygen atoms or add hydrogen atoms.
EXAMPLE: The reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4).
Reduction is the GAIN of electrons by a molecule.
Reduction is when a molecule can give a positive charge to an oxidized molecule, thus ceasing the oxidation of the molecule.
Another example: Calcium (Ca2+) or Magnesium (Mg2+) which initially are composed of two positively charged ions immersed in a sea of movable electrons may have given up all possible electrons to cells/molecules under oxidation.
It is for this reason, then that positively charged calcium and magnesium supplies must be constantly renewed; without this “fresh” positively charged calcium, etc. your Redox balance will suffer.
Think of it this way; a battery "works" only when a positive and a negative electrode are present to maintain an electrical current. When the positive plates become exhausted, the battery is no longer functional, even though the metal plates and other "ingredients" for the battery are still present.
So it is that your GH or Calcium Test may show adequate minerals, but these minerals have been oxidized and thus rendering the test inaccurate as per ESSENTIAL positively charged calcium ions. This why it is folly to attempt to drive down GH to very low levels in a misguided attempt to replicate certain environmental biotopes based on old school opinions of GH.
Here is an excellent article further explaining how a battery works as it relates to Redox, both oxidation and reduction, and both Anodes and Cathodes (think Anions and Cations).
This also explains why a mineral "salt such as CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) can have a positive (Cation) ion charge.
Basics of Electrochemistry
What is noteworthy in reading the above article is it speaks of an ionic solution, which our aquarium water is not quite the same as a battery here (saltwater is more so than freshwater), however this also points out the importance of not using totally neutral distilled/de-ionized water to house your fish, as then there is definitely no ionic solution for this current.
QUOTE from the above cited reference/article: "Ions in solution will move from an area of high energy toward an area of low energy producing, a current".
Where the battery comparisons further work, especially for the nay-sayers who claim "we are only measuring ions with a GH test", is that as the calcium Cations are used up, the calcium tends to bind to anything in the aquarium, from objects to even coral in reef aquariums. I have observed this 100s of times (if not 1000s).
Similar to this action in a battery:
QUOTE: "When the lead acid battery accepts charge, the sulfuric acid gets heavier, causing the specific gravity (SG) to increase. As the SoC decreases through discharge, the sulfuric acid removes itself from the electrolyte and binds to the plate, forming lead sulfate."
Reference: How to Measure State-of-charge
It is also noteworthy that while a TDS meter is a good device for any advanced aquarium keeper to own, a TDS meter measures conductivity and pretty much everything that is in the aquarium water, thus not necessarily measuring GH (& KH for other reasons) which COULD could be a mistake as reducing Calcium Cations could still be low.
If you are really looking to "go pro" definitely own a good TDS Meter (such as the AAP/TMC) ALONG WITH a good ORP/pH Meter (and of course some basic GH & KH test kits too).
Reference:
Aquarium Chemistry; TDS
Please read on as I will go into further depth as the article progresses, especially as Redox relates to aquatic health.
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Oxidized Water:
Oxidized water with its Redox potential of +700 to +800 mV* is an oxidizing agent that can withdraw electrons from bacteria and kill it. The oxidized water can be used to clean hands, sterilize utensils, and treat minor wounds.
This is why products such as Melafix which is an oxidizer (albeit mild), is effective at sterilizing a wounds or similar
*mV = Millivolts or 1/1000 of a volt of water conductivity
Here are a few oxidizers: ozone (O3; Oxidation potential= +2.1), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2; Oxidation potential= +1.82), chlorine (Cl2) and chloramines (NH2Cl).
Further Reference: Hydrogen Peroxide; Aquarium Medications Part 3
As well, some aquarium products are also oxidizers such as Potassium Permanganate (sold in products such as "Jungle/Tetra Clear Water") and Mardel Maracyn Oxy. For this reason both of these products should be used with great caution in your aquarium (although use in established aquariums with a balanced Redox should not be problem when used as directed).
Even mild oxidizing aquarium remedies such as Melafix or Herbtana should be used sparingly as over use WILL CAUSE oxidative stress, as this is what an oxidizer does, it causes stress to tissues! Think stomach acid, an oxidizer, but you sure would not want your other body tissues exposed to it.
Product Resource: Maracyn Oxy from AAP
Reduced Water:
Reduced Ionized with a Redox Potential of -250 to -350 mV readily donates its electrons to unusual oxygen radicals and blocks the interaction of the active oxygen with normal molecules.
Substances which have the ability to counteract active oxygen by supplying electrons are called scavengers. Reduced water, therefore, can be called scavenging water.
Reduced water inhibits excessive fermentation by reducing indirectly metabolites.
Please note that the oxidizers have a plus and the reducers have a negative in the chart to the left.
Click graph to enlarge
Here are a few reducers, in other words, elements or processes that can transfer electrons to another substance; Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, and the process of Photosynthesis involves both oxidation and reducing.
As one can see from the graph, elements such as most metals, as well as essential elements for aquatic life: Calcium and Magnesium are major reducers.
However because of this they are also most easily depleted (the elements at the top and the bottom of the graph are most easily depleted in their oxidation or reducing properties).
Most aquarium water conditioners are also Redox Reducers, albeit very short term/temporary reducers. Examples include SeaChem Prime, Tetra/Jungle Start Right, Kordon Novaqua, and many more. As well, Vitamin C which is also used as a method of chlorine removal is a reducer (be aware that Vitamin C used in doses required for chlorine removal in large percentage water changes will drastically drop pH).
Vitamin C is discussed further later in this article #Ref 1.
Further Reference: Aquarium Water Conditioners Review & Information
True UVC Sterilization also reduces, by electrically charging (adding an electron) and breaking down oxidizers in the water column. This is clearly demonstrated by picture later in the Aquarium Redox Section of this article.
The problem of late is the flood on low cost UV Sterilizers and/or low output medium pressure UV replacement bulbs sold on Amazon, eBay, and other websites that are at best only capable of clarification and NOT true level one sterilization which can then improve Redox balance (or at the most perform this action poorly).
Aquarium Lighting and the "quality" of this light has also in recent preliminary tests shown to reduce Redox, which has important aquarium keeping implications (both positive and negative, depending upon what is currently happening in an aquarium). See the Aquarium Redox section for more.
Simple Test to Understand Redox: Take an 8 oz. glass of water, then add enough Potassium Permanganate to change the color to a mild red, then take any aquarium water conditioner such as Prime or Start Right and slowly add drops to the water and watch the red be "reduced" (neutralized) to a clear brown color.
What you are observing is the reduction of an oxidizer (potassium Permanganate) by a Reducer (generally Sodium Thiosulfate is used in these conditioners).
Product Resources:
*Potassium Permanganate (Jungle Clear Water)
*SeaChem Prime
*Jungle Start Right
For an advanced Redox/pH tester by Hanna Instruments:
*Professional Waterproof Portable pH/ORP Meter Please note that this meter is not sold by AAP
This picture/graphic below explains some basics of Redox:
An important note, is that although oxidation is a necessary part of biochemistry for fish and all animals (such as for energy production), the NORMAL HEALTHY state is one of reduction.
During normal biochemical processes molecules that are normally reducers give up their electrons (in much the same way a car battery does until re-charged), so without a recharging via the addition of new minerals that are high in these electrons or even processes such as UVC sterilization (or even high PAR lighting), your aquatic biochemistry will suffer and eventually so will your fish!
Further References:
*UV Sterilization; Complete Facts & Information
*Aquarium Lighting; PAR
One more basic generalization to consider before moving into more depth is this: Water that is of low pH (acid), in general, measures high ORP while water of high pH (alkaline) measures low ORP (please note that this is a broad generalization).
However, in natural water (generally spring water), acidity of minus ions and alkalinity of plus ions can coexist (more about this in Natural Redox).
Also worthy of note, a 2012 human research has shown that an intake of 75% alkaline foods versus 25% acid foods are best for essential Redox Balance. While this is not a perfect comparison, sine the human body changes the pH of food as it progresses from the stomach into the small intestine, this can still be reasonably extrapolated to fish in the the water environment and foods should allow for this as well since the physiology of fish and humans are similar. As well since fish live in their liquid environment, water parameters such as Redox have a more definite affect on fish than with humans.
This of course often confounds those who constantly dump copious amounts of acid buffers or similar in their aquarium or worry about a generally fictitious "too high GH".
RELATIVE HYDROGEN (or rH):
This section on rH compliments of Rogier Van Vlissingen.
This takes ORP reading a step further as to showing the true health of the water.
The rH/Relative Hydrogen Score, is a better measure of whether the water is actually oxidizing or reducing than ORP is. ORP is a proxy, rH directly measures atomic H in the water, (which includes H-), so it is still not a direct measure of H-, but it's closer than ORP.
In 1997 Prof. Sanetaka Shirahata of Kyoto University published a paper in BBRC (a peer reviewed journal, Biolochemical and Biophyscial Research Communications), which demonstrated for the first time that H- persisted in electrolyzed water, putting to rest an industry myth that the reason for the health effects of the alkaline water from electrolysis was the very alkalinity of it. Not so, it was the presence of H-, which science up to that point had believed could not exist but for nano seconds.
Dr. Hidemitsu Hayashi pointed out that in several natural bodies of water the same thing was found, and he began manufacturing his mineral sticks, which were a much cheaper and more effective way to create HRW, hydrogen rich water. As per my history section later in this article, it was in part the use of Cation rich mineral blocks that I myself stumbled upon this concept after observing improved fish health.
FURTHER (Quote from The Relative Hydrogen Score, aka the rH Score):
The rH scale employs the same logarithmic Bar scale used to express gas pressure in terms of order of magnitude, and the rH scale runs from 0 to 42; 28 is mid-point (balance), below 28 is reducing, above 28 oxidizing... Therefore, an rH score of 0 would indicate maximum possible reducing (antioxidant) power, while a score of 42 would indicate the maximum possible oxidizing environment.
So, rH yields a hydrogen proton-unbiased measure of absolute reducing potential of a substance; eliminating effects due to pH. rH is log1/hydrogen partial pressure; a one unit change in rH indicates a 10X change. E.g., a shift on the Barr scale of rH from a score of 27 to one of 26 indicates a 10X increase in reducing power.
rH 28 = H partial pressure (pp) of 10^-28 atmospheres, an rH 11 = H pp is 10^-11 atmospheres, and a 0 rH is the rH value of pure hydrogen at STP. Again, as noted above, an rH score of 0 would indicate maximum possible reducing (aka “antioxidant”) power, while a score of 42 would indicate the maximum possible oxidizing environment.
Nonetheless, ORP and better, rH, have found some degree of acceptance for many years in the fields of high-end aquarium keeping, wine and beer brewing, food storage and food safety as an indicator or relative antioxidant ability, and, since the mid-to-late 90's; in some sectors of the nutritional antioxidant field as an indicator of the same as well. It is somewhat important to note that ORP and rH scores have also been used to some extent for many years in the groundwater and waste water remediation fields as well as measures of relative oxidation or reducing ability of water.
By keeping track of your measurements with a spreadsheet, you can track rH.
Below 28 on the scale is reducing, above 28 is oxidizing... therefore any rH below 28 indicates anti-oxidant effectiveness of the water by the presence of atomic H, which will include H-.
We are beginning to find healthy aquariums will have rH reading is between 23 & 28 (although as yet an exact number has not been established for marine aquariums, I suspect it is likely 25-30)
You can use a spreadsheet to do the work. The most exact formula is rH=((ORP+205)/29.58)+2*pH), in simplified form it is ((ORP+200)/30)+(2*pH), but I see no reason not to use the accurate formula.
Further Reading/Reference:
*Everything Aquatic; Redox Results. ORP, PH, rH
*Water Institute, and Munenori KAWAMURA, M.D., Kyowa Medical Clinic
A quote from the above article:
"Since May ’85 we have confirmed thousands of clinical improvements, obtained solely by exchanging drinking (as well as cooking water) from tap water to reduced water."
*Examples of RH Scores Calculated from Various ORP & pH Values
It is important to note that Aquarium Redox can be a complex subject with some basic principles to also understand, however reading one section of this article will yield incomplete information. For this reason I recommend reading the whole article (as well as links provided) for a more thorough understanding. It may take more than one reading as well.
My research and interest in Redox goes back to my curiosity as to why certain aquarium maintenance methods were more effective in keeping healthy fish, and the common knowledge of the day did not fully explain results I was achieving.
This article is an out-growth of many 1000s of observations and some controlled tests in search of an answer/explanation that commonly held aquarium keeping believes simply could not explain or were even contradictory to (such as commonly held views about GH in freshwater aquariums as well as the effect of UVC on all aquariums as per disease resistance).
As I research this subject more and more, I find that it answers many of these results, but I am still learning too as I am already finding out more to Redox than just mineral Cations and oxidation versus reduction such as Relative Hydrogen (rH).
I base this article on Redox studies as it corresponds to humans and all fish, animals, and even plants.
I have found from practical experience and research that often a lot more can be learned from medical studies or other university level studies than from many aquarium articles and sadly some otherwise excellent forums (these articles/forums usually just take bits from another article without any real research, often with old ideas being simply regurgitated).
Originally my statement on Redox was: "I do not believe this is a subject that many aquarists should stress over", but a lot has been learned about this subject since I first started researching this in the 1980s.
The more I have studied this subject as well as the newest research shows that all aquarists should have at least a basic understanding of this subject as it has major implications for fish and aquatic health that often go against commonly held aquarium keeping beliefs.
I have also changed my opinions about this subject based on newer evidence about a balanced Redox.
One such opinion was "should you have a positive or reducing Redox". I based my earlier opinion on a higher Redox of +300 mV based on many studies of ocean waters and simply repeating what I was told, but newer human research and my own tests over the last 15 plus years have lead me to where I am now, that a BALANCED Redox is important.
What is a balanced Redox? The best research indicates a Redox that can respond to both the oxidation and reduction needs of the environment and more importantly the fish or other aquarium inhabitant. This can be a reading between +300 to -200 mV (a higher Redox is sometimes needed when oxidation is necessary due to high organic de-composition)
See the chart below (ecologically safe water):
Maintaining a proper Redox Balance (or Potential) which includes the reducing side of the equation is a lot like having an anti-oxidant vitamin in the aquarium water (although a more accurate description would be magnetically charged water).
The Aquarium Redox is also just one more parameter towards good disease prevention and long term fish health and growth.
Please see this article about Aquarium Disease prevention; “Aquarium Disease Prevention” .
Looking at the oxidizing side of the Redox equation; Bleach and Potassium Permanganate are oxidizers (Potassium Permanganate is often used for disease treatment and water clarification in ponds and aquariums). However you would not want your fish living in a constantly oxidizing environment for long term fish health, rather you would want your fish in a balanced redox environment which includes a Reducing environment where free radicals are not damaging the cells of your fish and causing problems with Osmoregulation.
An example would be HLLE in marine fish where evidence points to a direct link of an oxidizing environment without a constant input of Redox reduction to balance this being a causative factor.
Further Information: Fish Osmoregulation
An oxidizing environment is what you get with a positive Redox of generally +350 mV and is OK (& necessary) for certain periods such as during disease treatments, however you would not want to keep your fish in constant medication any more than in a constant strongly oxidizing environment (PLEASE read the section about Natural Redox including the quote and outside Redox for a better understanding of this concept)!
Another IMPORTANT consideration is a healthy Redox affects the electrolyte balance in your aquarium. Calcium as well as Magnesium are both important reducers when positively charged, however they are both easily oxidized as well (please see the chart in the Redox Potential Basics section).
So for proper reduction, these elements, or at least their positive ion charge need to be replaced on a constant basis (read further in this article for more on this subject).
The Redox Potential explains a lot of the results I was getting as the fish have a better ability to resist a disease sometimes simply by having a healthier immune system and osmoregulation.
This pertains to a Balanced Redox potential (which includes a proper magnetic charge in the water) that I have found a properly installed and constructed UV Sterilizer aids in maintaining as well as proper mineralization of reducers and constant replenishment of these minerals, such as calcium, and regular water changes. that lower nitric acid and DOC levels (dissolved organic compounds).
Further Reference: Aquarium Cleaning, reasons, methods
What got me started in researching this topic was that I noticed and documented, differences in health, vitality and especially disease resistance within different aquariums among the literally 100s (if not 1000s) of contract customer aquariums I kept going back to 1978.
I noted a difference in health with very regular small mineralized water changes or flow through water change methods (including ponds), UV sterilizers, and added minerals/ electrolytes (such as Wonder Shells or similar methods/products).
This improvement/difference was noted over tanks kept with more traditional methods such as "Amazon" biotopes where RO water was used and no replacement mineralization (Cation replacement) was used on an on going basis.
The observations first began in earnest at the Bahooka Restaurant in 1978 where I had over 110 aquariums, mostly over 80 gallons, and all with low bio loads, the same feeding schedule, the same exact filtration method; however variables in in water changes & use of ongoing mineral replacements.
Later starting in 1992 at another client with multiple aquariums, I attempted more controlled tests with 6 tanks that also included UVC as a variable based on many single aquarium observations of where one tank would have a UV Sterilizer, UV clarifier (not level one), or none at all.
These tests consisted of "fancy" goldfish aquariums. The variables beyond the control tank included feeding, water changes (using tap water with high mineral content), ongoing constant use of mineral replacement blocks, level one capable UV sterilizers. This also included introduction of new fish at the same intervals.
The goldfish had fewer instances of general diseases as well as infestations such as Ich, Anchor Worms, and other problems with the variables of constant replenishment of mineral cations, regular water changes, the use of correctly installed efficient UV sterilizers (all of which contribute to balanced Redox).
Best results included use of all variables, but each of these variables produced better results than the aquarium with none of these variables put into practice (as was noted n my 100s of more anecdotal observations to this point).
What is/was noteworthy is that the UV Sterilizers were not even run within the parameters that would kill Ich outright, yet I still was observing lower instances of Ich!!
WHY? The answer is simple in that the aquarium had a more healthy Redox Balance that aided in the fish' own natural immunity and resistance to Ich!
PLEASE NOTE; many UV Sterilizers now marketed for under $50 CANNOT perform effective Redox reduction due to their poor dwell time, low cost medium pressure UV bulbs, and other factors, these are at best clarifiers and should NEVER be purchased unless that is all you desire from your UV!.
And to critics who push cheap Amazon and eBay UV clarifiers; Yes I have had extensive experience in UV Sterilizer/Clarifier use and YES I've both witnessed a difference in level one UV Sterilization in both disease resistance and lowering of oxidative stress (which includes longevity of fish).!!
Further Reference: Actual UV-C Emission from a UV Bulb
This shows that the health of aquarium fish can be directly aided by positive mineral ions/magnetic charge of the water and a properly installed "true" UV Sterilizer, not just by the killing of potential disease pathogens, but also by the effect UVC has on the Redox Balance of an aquarium as per UV Sterilization's affect upon oxidizers in the water column (although ORP readings are NOT changed much by UV Sterilization).
I have been observing many aquariums of "ordinary" fish, both with and without UV Sterilizers (keep in mind that some UVs are useless by design and installation), and the goldfish with every other factor equal (such as mineralization and water changes) that had a UV Sterilizer installed, were generally much healthier.
A High Dwell Time UV Sterilizer works similar to the ozone layer in our upper atmosphere (except in reverse); although the UVC emitted by the sterilizer is itself an oxidizer, the interaction of the UVC inside the unit with oxidizers such as ozone is such that the UV Sterilizer REDUCES these oxidizers and free radicals as well as potentially magnetically charges the water.
This was confirmed by Dr. Mamoon Kundi in an email he sent me as per his work using UVC to balance Redox in human studies, and thus improving immune function
Product Resource: AAP/TMC Vecton & Advantage "High Dwell Time" UV Sterilizers
For those interested in checking this out, simply add potassium Permanganate into a tank with a UV Sterilizer and one without. The tank with the UV Sterilizer clears MUCH quicker!
If your aquarium has a high bio load, the addition of a properly installed UV Sterilizer can actually temporarily add too much Redox Reduction resulting in a darkening of water color until the Aquarium Redox balances again.
Please Reference/Read: Aquarium Bio Load
Unfortunately the aspect of Redox Balance and Ultra Violet Sterilization is often missed my many aquarists, and sadly many otherwise well informed reef keepers.
Further Reference: UVC Sterilization/Sterilizers and the effect on a Healthy Redox
In further research I noted that a proper Redox Potential improves the health of humans AND fish. A Redox Potential in the -200-400 mV range in human studies has been shown to have the same affect as anti-oxidant preparations as Vitamin C, and many others.
In medical studies, the enhanced oxidizing environment can facilitate the binding of pathogens or antigens to effector cells (a type of lymphocyte that are actively engaged in secreting antibodies) leading to a hyper-responsive innate immune system.
Previous work has shown that an oxidizing environment leads to enhanced release of super-oxide and nitric oxide, activation and translocation of nuclear transcription factor and enhanced production of cytokines (proteins and peptides that are signaling compounds produced by animal cells to communicate with one another).
The creation of a reduced environment by addition of antioxidants blunts all of the above primary responses of the innate immune system..
My many observations in both fresh & saltwater lend to this principle too as to how fish, both freshwater & marine respond both short & long term to oxidizers and/or the lack of a constant source of reduction to balance out oxidative stress.
Back to my many tests with goldfish tanks over several years in the 1990s; I ran these tests with many different filters and combinations there of.
Cleanings were consistent every two weeks with about 25% changes of water via a Gravel Vacuum. Feeding was performed at the same intervals with the same food (at that time Hikari and Spirulina 20), and all the tanks had the same number of goldfish at as close to the same size as possible.
I found the tanks with the Under Gravel Filters performed the worst (and not just in Redox) due to their tendency for DOC (Dissolved Organic Compound) buildup which results in high amounts of Nitric Acid production.
UG Filters performed better when combined with a UV Sterilizer and another filter such as a canister filter, however the tanks that performed the best did not have UG filters, rather a combination of two filters (generally a Sponge Filter or Fluidized Filter were part of this combination) AND a UV Sterilizer.
Product Resources:
*Premium Patented AAP Aquarium Sponge Filters
*Premium 3rd generation Fluidized Sand Bed Filters
Some of the tanks were maintained with added minerals/electrolytes, some were not.
The best results as per long term health were achieved where minerals cations (positive mineral ions) were added on a constant basis vs. methods that required weekly or similar dosing requirements or non minerals at all.
That said, please read the rest of the article before I over sell any one on a UV Sterilizer, Mineral Blocks (such as AAP Wonder Shells), or drip mineral applicators (products such as SeaChem Replenish can be mixed with water and dripped into the aquarium). As often good aquatic husbandry is a major factor in a healthy Redox Potential (balance).
Another interesting aspect of Redox potential is the correlation of a certain Redox level and the growth of Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Aquariums and lakes. This is an on-going study however Redox does SEEM to play some role in the aquarium and lake “plague”.
For more information about this, I recommend reading this article:
Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Aquariums; what it is and how to control it.
Currently this is just an opinion/theory though.
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OTHER ARTICLES/SITES THAT MAY BE OF INTEREST TO THE READER OF THIS ARTICLE:
Aquarium Chemistry; Calcium KH, GH, pH, Electrolytes
For helpful Aquarium & Pond information about the maintenance of pH, GH, KH, as well as important positive mineral ions such as Calcium.
Also information and suggestions for different tank water chemistry set ups such as Amazon River Water.
Ultraviolet Sterilization
How UV Sterilizers work, correct set up, relation to Redox, and much more.
For those looking for ACCURATE information about stepping up to a higher level of fish care, this article about UV Sterilizer use is a MUST READ!
UV Bulb TroubleShooting Video
For anyone using s UV Sterilizer, this video is very informative.
Do Fish Drink? Fish Osmoregulation
Freshwater fish absorb most of the water they need through their skin via osmosis by producing dilute urine and actively transport essential mineral ions from the surrounding water to compensate for mineral ions lost via the urine and diffusion from the gills.
While most saltwater fish actually drink the water the live in, as the salt in the water is constantly pulling H2O from their bodies in a reverse respiration as their tissues are hypotonic compared to surrounding water and they must ingest large volumes of water and actively excrete mineral ions
Please read the article for more
Aquarium Light Information
For the premier Internet article for Aquarium Lighting; this article is very in depth with well researched lighting information that is updated on a regular basis, unlike the vast majority of Aquarium Lighting websites that come up in searches.
Recommended Products
EcoSense ORP 15 Redox Meter
ORP Range -1200 to +1200 mV
Great for testing Redox before and after water changes, use of water conditioners, testing AAP Wonder Shells, etc.
TMC Reverse Osmosis Filter System with TDS Meter
The TMC Advanced Aquarium RO Water Filter system includes a TDS meter and operates at less than 2 cents per gallon
Fluidized Bed Aquarium Filter
The TMC Premium Fluidized Sand Bed Aquarium Filters, Superior Design when compared to Lifeguard. Also an excellent addition to a planted aquarium where CO2 is utilized as the Fluidized Filter will not scrub off CO2 unlike many bio filters (along with Sponge Filters to a lessor degree)
Aquarium Heater; Digital Titanium
The best in Aquarium Titanium Heaters:
Digital Aquarium Heaters with overheat automatic shut off
LED Aquarium Lighting, TMC AquaRay
For the very best in aquarium lighting, the AquaRay LED Aquarium Light with exclusive patented emitters along with PWM technology found in NO other LED aquarium light.
9 Watt UV Bulb with metal heat shield
A Premium Low Pressure Hot Cathode UV Bulb with metal heat shield that provides better efficiency and higher UVC output!!
Vastly superior to the low cost bulbs sold on eBay, topbulb.com, 1000bulbs.com, or Amazon
Aquarium Submersible Power Head Pumps
Superior to Hagen or Marineland, yet more economical to purchase.
Fish Food Feeding Products
Eheim Auto Everyday Fish Feeder, Ocean Nutrition Fish Feeding Station, Seaweed Clips, sea weed
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NATURAL REDOX Including Human Studies:
Simultaneously all three of these processes proceed to self-purify natural water on the basis of the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction. At the initial stages of this natural cycle, toxic hydrophobic organic compounds (molecules that are repelled from a mass of water) are oxidized to the hydrophilic form, which is a molecule, or portion of a molecule, that is typically charge-polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding, enabling it to dissolve more readily in water than in oil or other hydrophobic solvents. Energy of oxidation by way of degrading organic compounds is absorbed during reduction chemical transformations. Excess ions of the heavy elements transform into insoluble, inert, nontoxic forms. The concentration of ions of light elements are then stabilized. Spring waters, which are considered to be the most clean, according to the ecological criteria, are filtered through the rocks and subjected to the oxidation and reduction, sorption and catalytic influence. ORP can change rapidly, and Redox potentials above 400 mV long term are dangerous to life. In tests using electrochemical purification, water keeps its initial neutral values of pH, but ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) of water shifts toward the negative (electrode or reduction) values. The above partially explains how a proper Redox Potential improves the health of the fish or other aquatic organisms as I have observed. Here is a Quote about pH vs. Redox: A further point on human studies shows this: Below is a chart that shows Redox Reactions that support life ![]() REDOX BALANCEI have mostly discussed Redox Reduction and its misunderstood importance, however there does need to be a balance between reduction and oxidation for proper chemistry within a fish or most all living animal organisms. Cellular redox balance is critical for maintaining normal function and preventing damage to DNA and proteins, which may lead to accelerated aging and more While it is generally recognized that preserving cellular redox balance and preventing a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS, i.e., free radicals) is crucial to maintaining healthy organ and systems in living organisms, scientists are still debating the specific species responsible for maintaining this balance. A new discovery published in 2018 is about biologically-active sulfur species known as persulfides (R–SSH). For the more scientific minded, the diagram/picture below explains how persulfides affect Redox Balance: ![]() Some of the above referenced/copied from: Bio Chemistry as it relates to Redox Balance: Free radical chemistry is the underpinning of 2 broad classes of signaling molecules in biological systems: ROS, which are reactive intermediates of oxygen metabolism, and a closely related group of RNS. Superoxide and other ROS are produced in the mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation as a normal byproduct of aerobic respiration in fish (and other animals). The problem begins when either ROS (oxidation) or RNS (Reduction) get out of balance and unfortunately in closed aquarium or pond systems this is all too common. Reduction is dependant on production of RNS; NOS3 (endothelial NOS) are found in a variety of cell types and are regulated by binding to calcium and calmodulin (calcium-binding protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells). As well, the reduction side of this equation can also be interrupted by the oxidation of other reducing chemicals such as ascorbate (vitamin C) and reduced thiols, especially glutathione (a tripeptide). These reduced chemicals become temporarily oxidized when they interact (giving up of their free electrons) with oxidizing agents and oxidizing free radicals. A more basic aspect of Redox Balance is the water we use can have a direct impact as well. REDOX POTENTIAL (BALANCE) AS IT PERTAINS TO AQUARIUMS:My continued research into aquarium Redox does not provide exact numbers, but I would refer back tot the numbers I refer to in the rH section. The point being, Redox Potential is often in “flux”, so I personally believe following healthy aquatic husbandry methods (that consider the affect on Redox) is an aquarists best bet in maintaining this balance. This includes a higher Redox (as high as +350) when oxidation is necessary due to high organic decomposition as well as lower numbers for long term lower oxidative stress. There are multiple mechanisms for maintaining a good redox balance from a good oxygen exchange for oxidation to mineral ions and certain light energy for important reduction. Another way to look at the Redox Potential in aquariums is to the relation of waste particles and acid production, as well as dissolved oxygen and most importantly depletion of key important elements.
Obviously high organic wastes also require an input of oxidation (higher Redox for Redox balance), but this should not be ongoing due to a poor balance of reducing to oxidation because of the lack of redox reducing mechanisms as well as a bio load the aquariums system cannot support. The nitrogen cycle requires an input of oxidation, but it also requires an input of reduction due to the excess oxidizers/free electrons (Anions) produced. Without this balance, one creates an environment where the fish could therefore be attacked by these Anions (although a planted aquarium may not suffer from this aspect as much since many plants utilize these nutrients prior to entering the nitrogen cycle). This is also the problem of a high bio load in an aquarium or pond. The picture to above displays this process Reference: University of Florida; Biochemistry of Wetlands SIMPLY PUT, THESE FACTORS HAVE THE MOST AFFECT IN REDOX BALANCE MAINTENANCE
Important; what is often missed, is that although you may test and, for instance find, high calcium levels in an aquarium via a GH over 300, this does not necessarily mean you have any Redox reduction as I should point out that very basic fact of Redox reduction is the donor (such as calcium) transfers electrons to another substance, and is thus, oxidized itself. This again is where many will claim that their calcium or other minerals are high enough or even too high (as many still get INCORRECTLY stressed about the high GH brought on by AAP Wonder Shells, totally missing that these mineral blocks are constantly reducing the water via their donation of electrons!). With the above statements in mind, one must look at two VERY basic organic chemical reactions that occur in an aquarium;
Important! The Redox Potential is always going to be in flux and as yet no scientific equilibrium has been established here. As stated earlier, Redox can be more important than pH, there are definitely correlations to pH and the Redox effect on pH. Also as noted in the beginning of this article, this is not a parameter to stress over, HOWEVER, Redox reduction should NOT be blown off as many anecdotal/uninformed commentators do in some aquatic forums. The more I have studied and observed in this subject, the more I feel it should not be ignored! Effect on Fish: Active oxygen molecules, or free radicals, are produced in the water and the fish’ body. They are extremely reactive and can also attach themselves to normal, healthy cells and damage them genetically. This why the constant hammering by some un-informed aquarists (such a popular planted aquarium guru) against UVs, too high a GH (which is not always a good indicator of electrolyte balance anyway), and even the use of mineral blocks (such as Wonder Shells) is ludicrous! Human studies show a clear link between the Redox level in the blood of a healthy person and an unhealthy person, especially when it comes to cancer. Those with cancer and other chronic illnesses show more oxidation. In short, oxidative stress most definitely plays a role in both short & long term fish health and ability to heal. Diseases such as Columnaris and HLLE can be linked to oxidative stress from both my 1000s of observations as well as research. Effect on plants: Simple Redox Test A simple test of Redox can be performed using Methylene Blue and any reducer such as powdered Wonder Shell. Taking this test a step further into the real world; again add enough Methylene Blue 8 oz. of water to turn the water a brilliant blue (again one drop), this will be the control color. Then take out 8 oz. of aquarium water and add the same amount of Methylene Blue as in the control glass of water. For a more scientific Redox measurement device: ![]() REDOX AS IT PERTAINS TO STRESSIn biological systems, the Redox Potential must be kept reduced to perpetuate the life process. In other words, the concentration of DHA (an oxidized form of ascorbic acid), must be kept to a minimum. The initial rate at which the redox potential falls as DHA increase is initially slow, however as DHA increases further, the redox potential falls faster, becoming progressively more antagonistic to the metabolic processes of life. Eventually; if the process is not stopped, the fish (or any animal organism) slides down into death. This is why even prolonged stress can lead to illness and even death and why under stressful conditions having ample reducers such as a constant supply of positively charged calcium ions or TRUE UVC sterilization is so important! Common stressor examples include constant harassment by tank mates, or constant, albeit well meaning use of many treatments meant to cure fish, but that are also Redox Oxidizers. From Wikipedia: Reference Source: Healthy Redox Potential (Balance) maintenance methods:
For Redox problems, possible problems:
SUMMARY:This was in the past a relatively unexplored area of fish keeping that has many implications including prevention of HLLE in marine fish. As well there is still a lot to be learned here and I have to admit having to change my opinions based on newer evidence (I too thought that ONLY a high positive Redox/ORP should be maintained), my research is still ongoing and I try and read whatever I can on this subject, especially from outside the aquarium hobby, even if it may not fit with theories I hold. Unfortunately some aquarists in their writings or anecdotal forum comments fail to look at the research that has gone on the subject of Redox and stick to their old tired theories about Aquarium Chemistry and the affect of Redox thereon much the same way many continued to claim the "earth was flat" even when proven incorrect. It is important to note, that just because many aquatic articles report only the importance of an oxidizing Redox, this does not make it 100% correct, science is not a vote!. I read a recent article that is easily found in search that is admittedly well written dealing with Aquarium Redox, with a good explanation as to what Redox is and more, however this article still chooses to repeat much of the same tired old information about only the positives of the oxidative side of the Redox equation, missing the evidence that the reduction side is also VERY important to a healthy Aquarium Redox Balance (I noted that the sources this particular article sited were all more than 15 years old which may explain much of the out of date information). Part of the problem is many hold onto thinking like this: "Poor water quality is equated with Low Redox Potential, whereas High Redox Potential is a measure of high water quality and stability" when in fact as this article has shown, it is much more complex than this as we seek a healthy Redox BALANCE. While admittedly a complex subject, the basics of Redox are really not that hard to understand and are easily applied; that is knowing that a high bio load can have a downward effect on a good Redox while water changes, additional mineralization, UV Sterilization and more can have positive effect on Redox. More simply stated; you can have too much oxidation, as well you can have too much reduction. However based on my years of experience and feedback, most understand the undesirability of too much reduction (such as "too high" of a GH), but fail to understand the issues of too much oxidation which hopefully readers will now understand better Many aquarium keepers, especially advanced, are already applying many of the "best methods" for healthy aquarium redox without even knowing it. Finally; maintaining a Redox below +350 mV while applying methods that might both permanently and temporarily achieve a Redox (low numbers are temporary) of about +350 to +100 mV for marine or +300 to -200 mV for freshwater are the raw numbers we are aiming for. (as per the graph in the background section). Product Resource: AAP ORP/PH METER #H198121 For further information about WHY YOU SHOULD USE A UV STERILIZER Another good article about this subject that I found is this: ORP and the Reef Aquarium Here is a quote from the above article; “Many aquarists have been lead to believe that ORP is a measure of water quality or purity. Manufacturers selling ozonizers and other oxidizers (like permanganate) have been especially keen to present that idea. This statement is where many aquarists have gone wrong in my opinion, A positive Redox is NOT a measure of water quality, but at least a Reducing Redox has more potential for a healthy aquarium. More Resources/references: *Oxidative Stress Effects (May 2015) Please click on the "Buy Now" Button below for a pdf format downloadable e-book (23 pages) of this article as of 12/24/14 for $3.99 usd PLEASE NOTE; You MUST click on "Return to American Aquarium Products" at the end of the transaction to be redirected to your download/e-book For more aquarium information and articles (pond too):
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